Anabolic steroids and an individuals sex drive - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2138 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Steroids Essay Did you like this example? Anabolic steroids are one of, if not the most powerful performance enhancing drugs someone can put in their body. Used in proper doses they can help people suffering from AIDS and other muscle wasting diseases build muscle again. They can also help older males suffering from testosterone deficiency, and help with delayed puberty. When abused by weightlifters and athletes they can produce tremendous muscle gains that may be impossible to reach without the use of steroids. Anabolic steroids work by binding to receptor molecules which activate specific genes to synthesize proteins (Fahey, 1976.) This affects the muscle by inducing hypertrophy, causing the muscle tissue to grow much faster than it would naturally. Anabolic steroids have anabolic and androgenic properties. The anabolic effects result in growth of muscle tissue, bone, and blood cells. The androgenic properties cause changes in primary and secondary sexual characteristics (Fahey, 1976). Sexual characteristic changes steroids may cause include testicular atrophy, deepening of the voice, increased aggressiveness and the increased growth of hair on the face, underarms, and genital regions. The effects steroids may cause a person differ between males and females. While the negative effects of increasing synthetic testosterone, a male sex hormone, in women may be very significant it does not stop women from using the drug. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anabolic steroids and an individuals sex drive" essay for you Create order One of the first countries to implement anabolic steroid use to women athletes was Germany in the 1970s (Franke Berendonk, 1997). They experimented with the use of steroids on women shot putters. Frank and Berendonk (1997) found a German woman shot putter, from released results of an East German sports program, to increase her throwing distance from just under seventeen meters to nineteen and a half meters over a twelve week cycle of anabolic steroids. This is a huge increase over a very short amount of time. The woman studied could throw nearly 15% further while using anabolic steroids compared to her maximum throwing output prior to taking anabolic steroids. Malarkey and coworkers (Malarkey et al. 1991) reported elevations up to 30-fold of normal levels of muscle strength and size in women who self-administered anabolic-androgenic steroids. Although these studies do show an increase in muscle strength with administration of anabolic steroids, there are various studies that show ot herwise. Wilson (1988) found anabolic steroids to have no effect on muscle growth, and stated the effects were purely psychological. This is a hard statement to accept knowing the chemical properties of anabolic steroids. While some users do see increase in muscle growth and athletic performance it is important to take into consideration all the potential negative side effects steroids may cause. One of the most prevalent behavioral side effects reported by steroid users is increased aggression. Roid rage is the common term given to this increased aggression some steroid users may experience. Morrison and co workers (Morrison et al. 2015) found male syrian hamsters treated with anabolic steroids ten times more likely to express aggressive behavior compared to non steroid injected hamsters. While hamsters may not be the most accurate representation of how a human would react to a drug, this is the most ethical way of testing a drugs affects. Choi and Pope (Choi Pope 1994) found anabolic steroid users, while on a steroid cycle, report significantly more fights, verbal aggression, and fights with significant others compared to periods of non use. Choi and Pope also stated, It is the taking of several steroids simultaneously that is causally related to violent behavior. A cause and effect relationship between steroids and aggression has not been confirmed through any studies, bu t the growing evidence in this field is suggestive there might be a relationship between the two. However, Lindman and colleagues (Lindman et al. 1992) found that hormonal changes in testosterone levels were not specifically associated with violent behavior. Lindmans study was conducted on males arrested for spousal abuse. Even though Lindman found the testosterone levels to be similar between the sober subjects and the referenced males, there are flaws in how this study was conducted. There is no timetable of when the arrested males are tested for their testosterone levels, as the stopping of consistent steroid usage can cause changes in testosterone production. Rasmussen and co workers (Rasmussen et al. 2016) found 27% of former anabolic steroid users studied had low testosterone levels (12.1 nmol/l), none of the control group reported levels this low. While some studies may find testosterone levels not to be associated with violent behavior, many users report experiencing increas ed aggression while using anabolic steroids. This increased aggression can be dangerous and potentially lead to violent behavior. While aggression is a potentially dangerous behavioural trait it can be beneficial for athletes competing in physical sports. Anabolic steroids are still prevalent in sports today. However they are not used as commonly nowadays as they were in the mid to later 1900s. Between the time periods of 1950-1974 anabolic steroids were commonly used among athletes to improve performance. It wasnt until 1975 that anabolic steroids were banned in sport competition (Verroken Mottram, 2005). When anabolic steroids were banned by the IOC, International Olympic Committee, their use in sport decreased. Although this did not stop all athletes from using anabolic steroids. Many professional, collegiate, and high school athletes still use anabolic steroids to improve their performance today. All of the four major sports leagues (NHL, NBA, NFL, MLB) require regular drug testing to all athletes. However this does not stop them from using steroids and trying to beat the drug tests. Anabolic steroids are prevalent among all four major sports leagues and track field athletes, however the majority of athletes who have gotten caug ht using steroids are baseball and track field athletes. This may be due to harsher drug tests, or a higher usage of the drug among these sports. Over the last decade many big names in the MLB have been caught, or admitted steroid usage in their playing careers. A few big names being Barry Bonds, Mark McGuire, Manny Ramirez, and Ryan Braun. The fact that there are so many more steroid usage cases in baseball compared to some other sports may be due to the physical characteristics that lead to baseball players success. Baseball is a power sport, the faster you can swing a bat the harder you can hit a ball. Anabolic steroids can increase muscle strength which in turn help a baseball player swing a bat faster. The increase in strength steroids may cause can greatly tempt an athlete to use the substance. Although professional athletes still use anabolic steroids to enhance performance today, they are less prevalent than they were in the past. The use of anabolic steroids has expanded to a new population than seen in the past. Non-athletic recreational steroid use has become fairly prevalent all across the world. Bolding and co workers (Bolding et al. 2002) studied the use of steroids and health risks among homosexual men in Central London gyms. Their questionnaire asked questions regarding age, ethnicity, education, employment, steroid usage, and HIV test information. Bolding and his colleagues found 13.5% of men used anabolic steroids in the past twelve months. They also found 59.6% of users injected steroids, while 40.4% took them orally. Anecdotal reports from the study suggested the majority of anabolic steroid users took them to try and achieve their desired body shape. This has become a very common reason for people to use anabolic steroids. The muscle you can potentially gain in such a short period of time through the use of steroids is practically impossible to achieve without them. This ideology of using anabolic steroids to achieve a more desirable body image can cause self-esteem issues. While a steroid user might be trying to improve their body image, anabolic steroids can cause serious mental effects that may be irreversible. The abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to many metal health effects. Some effects being depression, anxiety, insomnia, and mood swings. Depression can be caused by many factors, one of which is hormone imbalance. Taking steroids can potentially create a hormone imbalance, the main hormone affected being testosterone. Lindqvist and colleagues (Lindqvist et al. 2013) looked at the mental health of anabolic steroid using elite Swedish athletes vs. non anabolic steroid using elite Swedish athletes. The study took place thirty years after the end of their careers. 13% of the steroid using athletes sought professional help for depression, and 5% of the non-users sought professional help for depression. 13% of anabolic steroid users sought help for anxiety, and 6% of the non-users did the same. When asked if they worried for their own mental health, 8% of the anabolic steroid users said yes they did worry for their health, along with 3% of the non-users. Rasmussen and co workers (Rasmussen et al. 2016) also found 24.2% of anabolic steroid users studied felt depressive symptoms. Athletes are looked up to all across the world and glorified for their accomplishments. While these athletes may have been some of the best in their sport, the mental effects steroids may cause can be irreversible and these athletes will live with them the rest of their lives. Along with the mental health effects steroids may cause, there are plenty of undesirable physical changes as well. Physical effects steroids cause can be desirable for example; increased muscle growth. However there are many negative physical effects that come with it. One common side effect of anabolic steroids is acne. Melnik Grabbe (Melnik Grabbe 2007) found 43% of anabolic steroid users studied reported an increase in acne while taking steroids. Acne is treatable and there are many precautions steroid users can take to try and lessen the severity of acne. However an effect that can be caused by steroids that isnt so easy to treat is gynecomastia. Gynecomastia is the swelling of male breast tissue due to a hormone imbalance. Melnik Grabbe (Melnik Grabbe 2007) found 637 (14.7%) of anabolic steroid users reported gynecomastia as a side effect of steroids. The only treatment for gynecomastia is surgery to remove the excess breast tissue. Or someone suffering from this condition c ould wait for it to regress on its own without treatment. However it could take a very long time in a long term steroid user, as theyd have to wait for their hormones to rebalance on their own, eventually leading to the decrease in breast tissue. Testicular atrophy is another potential negative side effect of using anabolic steroids. Bolding an colleagues (Bolding et al. 2002) found 51% of anabolic steroid users reported testicular atrophy caused by steroids. Rasmussen and co workers (Rasmussen et al. 2016) conducted a study on testicular volume in current anabolic steroid users, former steroid users, and non-users. They found current anabolic steroid users to have the smallest testicular volume at 12.2ml, former users had a volume of 17.4ml, and non users had a volume of 22.2ml on average. These differences in testicular volume are very significant, as non users have almost two times the testicular volume compared to current users. As testicular atrophy is a common physical side ef fect of steroids, users libido may be affected as well. Anabolic steroids have potential to cause an increase or decrease in an individuals sex drive. Melnik Grabbe (Melnik Grabbe 2007) found 61% of anabolic steroid users surveyed reported changes in libido. However these changes varied in the participants, some experienced increased sex drive, and some decreased. Anabolic steroids affect everyone differently so its impossible to say they will increase or decrease your libido but they definitely can have an impact on it. As comparison Rasmussen and co workers (Rasmussen et al. 2016) found 40.1% steroid users surveyed experienced decreased sex drive. Anecdotal reports suggest that while using steroids most users experience enhanced sex drive, but after the withdrawal of the drug sex drive tends to decrease. Although there are no studies directly on this issue, the decrease in sex drive after the withdrawal of anabolic steroids may be due to hormone imbalance. When putting synthetic testosterone into your body your natural testosterone pr oduction decreases due to an influx from an external source. After taking steroids for an extended period of time your body must adjust to not receiving that influx of testosterone anabolic steroids give it. Thus leading to a lower production of testosterone and decreased sex drive. While decreased sex drive may be a side effect of steroid withdrawal among abusers, if used properly steroids can increase sex drive in men with low testosterone. Testosterone therapy is the treatment of middle-older aged men with synthetic testosterone in order to treat hypogonadism, decreased libido, mood, cognition, muscle mass, bone density, and red blood cell production (Morgentaler, 2009). Allan and co workers (Allan et al. 2008) found men, with low testosterone levels, treated with testosterone experienced significant improvement in sexual desire. The men studied and treated with testosterone were all men with low testosterone to begin with. There was also a placebo group who believed they were receiving testosterone treatment as well, they did not experience any increase in sexual desire.

Business Law Final Exam. Kellogg Business School - 1898 Words

Law and Corporate Managers – Prof. Larry Franklin Question Two A. (i) For refusal In order to honor the LC, the Seller has to comply exactly with the terms of the letter of credit. There are numerous typo errors in the LC and misspellings of the destination port and the Seller name, hence only a waiver of the discrepancies from JFTC will enable Bank of China to pay the Seller. As long as the waiver is not received, the BOC cannot make any payments. BOC has to state why it is not going to pay. The seller reviewed the LC before the shipment of goods, so it is his mistake that he didn’t point out the discrepancies. (ii) Against refusal Since the LC is irrevocable, then JFTC cant make any modifications or cancellation without the†¦show more content†¦(ii) The five subsequent investors IF the venture will be established as a LP, then the investors could limit their liability up to the amount of their investment, therefore they will have one level of tax (they will not pay corporate tax). However, the return on their investment is subject to the performance of the LP and the profits that derive from it. In case of corporation, the investors could invest their investment as shareholders with limited liability. But they will have to pay two levels of taxes. In re the fixed return on the investment, they could provide a loan to the corporation with a fixed rate of interest that will be guaranteed by the company. (iii) The CEO manager Bernie will prefer to act as a CEO in a Corporation with a board of directors that will direct him and will borne the direct responsibility for the acts of the corporation. He will also have the responsibility for the acts of the corporation. In order to attract Bernie to join the business, it is likely to offer him shares or options to purchase the shares of the corporation. This is not possible under a LP. B. I will recommend Jameson to choose Corporation for the following reasons: 1. 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Health and Safety of Using a Computer Free Essays

You need to use the internet to search for the following information. Use the table below to store your answers along with the web address of websites where you found the information. You should use more than one website to check your answers Why is posture important when using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Your ‘computer posture’ can have a huge impact on your health. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Safety of Using a Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now If it’s poor, and you slouch for 7 hours a day in front of your PC, your body will suffer in the long-term. | http://www. fitness-programs-for-life. om/computer-posture. html| Why should you take regular breaks or change of activity when using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Eye muscles that shift focus between your source document and a screen for a long period of time can tire. | http://www. staffs. ac. uk/images/user042_tcm68-12657. pdf| Find an image to show how you should correctly sit when you are using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| | http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=https://www. ourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/new_screenshots/hse1. gif;imgrefurl=https://www. yourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/health_safety. php;usg=__IFMYnONBLFJMUTBDRGIS4N0Y5NU=;h=328;w=425;sz=27;hl=en;start=3;zoom=1;tbnid=3kv5FZAK84FF1M:;tbnh=97;tbnw=126;ei=JhUxT_mxGIqK0AXjwtC0Bw; prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhow%2Bshould%2Byou%2Bsit%2Bat%2Ba%2Bcomputer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom. microsoft:en-gb%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch;um=1;itbs=1| Why should computer screens and chairs be adjustable? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Adjust your keyboard and screen to get a good keying and viewing position. A space in front of the keyboard is sometimes helpful for resting the hands and wrists while not keying. Adjust seat height to ensure hands are perpendicular to keyboard (height adjustment is usually achieved by a handle to the left underside of the chair). | http://www3. imperial. ac. uk/occhealth/guidanceandadvice/computerhealth/compute healthgeneralguidance| Find out at least two health problems that might be related to computer use? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| 1. Eye Disease 2. Computer Stress Injuries 3. Hurting Hands| http://heheli. com/business/top-4-health-problems-caused-by-computer-use/| Find an image to show overloading sockets and find out why you should not overload sockets Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| | h ttp://images. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=http://www. ambethliving. org. uk/images/overloaded%2520socket_m. gif;imgrefurl=http://www. lambethliving. org. uk/Default. aspx%3Fpage%3D516;usg=__PGOPSK2MwkKZwGesrJ2Em_8vjEo=;h=183;w=150;sz=13;hl=en;start=17;zoom=1;tbnid=XTRUfXeqS4U0ZM:;tbnh=102;tbnw=84;ei=IhcxT_7NEM2GhQfr9sz-BA;prev=/search%3Fq%3Doverloading%2Bsockets%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26gbv%3D2%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch;itbs=1| Why should you not have trailing cables around a computer room? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| A large number of accidents around the work place, are cause by tripping over trailing wires. | http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_shouldn’t_you_have_trailing_wires_near_a_computer#ixzz1lhKk6ABs| Find out what is meant by ergonomic furniture Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| What does ergonomics mean? | ‘Ergonomics’ is the science of designing environments and products to match the individuals who use them. The word ‘ergonomics’ comes from the Greek ‘ergon’ meaning ‘work’ and ‘nomos’ meaning ‘law’. â€Å"Fitting the worker to the job not the job to the worker. † * Fitting the job to the worker through task design and procedures * Fitting the worker to the job through the use of proper placement procedures and training. It should be noted â€Å"What works for one worker may not work for another, so it’s important to emphasize individual solutions. † Your basic knowledge of ergonomics is a prevention of physical damage or injuries that may occur. How to cite Health and Safety of Using a Computer, Essay examples

Organizational Learning Creating Retaining and System

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Learning for Creating Retaining and System. Answer: Introduction: I work at Pumpkin Patch in Auckland. It was in the midst of the complete of the year, and the Chairman requested all divisions to venture up with respect to considering new leaders in the workplaces, team leaders and representatives. The present leaders in the school thought about the movement of the all the team leaders, managers and operators hold social occasions with their individual teams to begin the action as fast as could be normal in light of the current situation. The key activities included working up a movement of choices from the proposed individuals who may lead in the following year. The social occasions were held at different conditions whereby the leaders were required to exhort the people from the unmistakable get-togethers of the inspiration driving the get-togethers and what they are required to do. The primary time of the social affairs was done after the leaders in the teams announced that the year is finish and new leaders for the school ought to be picked in the different divisions. This left the leadership positions purge and was proclaimed that new leaders to be picked (Turner 2014). New races began with each social event settling on decisions on who will lead them in the following year. I was in the marketing division whereby we were picking the team leader and the specialists. All people in the get-together considered different recommendations on how the leaders were to be picked. Some of them prescribed that choice of individuals would be done through climbing of hand for those supporting a specific individual for the particular position. Others suggested that a surveying station would be the most sensible procedure for finishing the race. Others said that the leaders would be picked through picking of made numbers with which each of the individuals will pick a made number to begin with one to five. The individual picking number one will be the team leader and the second will be the operator. The past team leader recommended that leaders of the team be picked in perspective of authenticity. The people who have worked for the affiliation and in the workplace fo r a long time would be given the principle should be picked as leaders. The particular suggestions made conflicts among the people in light of the way that different people maintained unmistakable hopefuls. A crisis developed when the race couldn't continue in light of the way that the social affair people couldn't agree. The people were not willing to partake in the race since it twisted up obviously difficult to pick their choice of leader. They showed up not roused in picking the experts since they would not think about a suggestion that they would agree on. This transformed into a significant issue for the workplace since the people from the team couldn't finish the choices as required. The races were put off as answers for the issue were taken to the board for discussion on a harmonious strategy for passing on choices of leaders in the affiliation (Gelfandet al. 2012). Motivation/Reinforcement: Bingham and Connor (2015) portrays learning as the transformative method of taking in information thatwhen masked and mixed with what we have experiencedchanges what we know and develops what we do. It relies on upon data, process, and reflection. It is what moves us. Learning theoriesgive an instructive/andragogical explanation behind perceiving how our understudies learn. Every speculative perspective offers points of interest to planners however the perspectives must be taken into setting depending on the condition, execution goal(s), and learners (Jonassen and Land 2012).In the circumstance delineated in undertaking one; there are two learning theories that are related to the depicted event. They fuse the social learning theory and likewise the organizational learningtheory. Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to elucidate socialization and its effect on the headway of the self (Cherry 2012). There are different theories that clear up how people wind up observably socialized, including functionalism,psychoanalytic theory, symbolic interaction theoryandconflict theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks singular learning process, the course of action of self, and the effect of society in socializing individuals (Schunkand Zimmerman2012). Social learning theory considers the game plan of one's identity to be an academic response to social lifts. It underscores the societal setting of socialization rather than the individual identity. This theory recommends that an individual's identity is not the aftereffect of the unmindful, (for instance, the conviction of psychoanalytic researchers), yet rather is essentially the outcome of showing in light of the cravings of others. Practices and miens make in light of reinforcement and support from the all-inclusive community around us. While social learning researchers perceive that adolescent experience is basic, they also assume that the identity people pick up is confined more by the practices and attitudes of others (Brauer and Tittle 2012). Social learning theory has its establishments in mind look into and was shaped uncommonly by advisor Albert Bandura. Sociologists routinely use social learning theory to understand wrongdoing and irregularity (Rosenthal and Zimmerman 201 4). Two of the most indispensable supporters of the field of organizational learning theory have been Chris Argrys and Donald Schon. Organizational learning (OL), according to Argrys and Schon is a consequence of organizational demand. This suggests at whatever point expected outcome contrasts from certified outcome, an individual (or social occasion) will participate in demand to appreciate and, if basic, comprehend this inconsistency. Amid the time spent organizational demand, the individual will connect with various people from the affiliation and learning will happen. Learning is along these lines a prompt aftereffect of this interaction. Argrys and Schon stretch that this interaction consistently goes well past portrayed organizational standards and frameworks. There has been expansion of advance on the movement of organizational learning theory and the relationship has been referred as standard based, history ward, and target arranged. While lessons from history are secured in the organizational memory, the event itself is routinely lost. OL is transmitted through socialization, preparing, and pantomime and so on, and can change after some time likewise of understandings of history (Argote 2012). This theory applies in the circumstance of picking leaders at the Pumpkin Patch whereby the individual learning of the peculiar people from the social affair were not gotten, and they finished together clearly reluctant to partake in the choice work out. Team dynamics: Team dynamics is portrayed as the qualities/capable methods that by and large work in teams and impacts in the execution of the team and satisfaction of its people. Team's dynamics is clear in the circumstance of picking leaders in the affiliation. Individuals among the team usually interface whereby the exercises of the people are affected by others. There is a necessity for understanding the direct surprisingly in the team to keep up a key separation from conflicts occurring among the people. Team's lead is considered of prime hugeness in team dynamics. Considering the circumstance, team people in the distinctive assets were experiencing team dynamics. The marketing division people experienced conflicts in this way of team dynamics. Particular people had different points of view on how the race of leaders ought to be finished (Levi2015). A team is described as included no less than two individuals partner reliantly and getting together with the true objective of finishing specific targets. In a relationship, there can be formal and easy-going teams (Percet al. 2013). In the circumstance at Pumpkin Patch, the affiliation includes both formal and easy-going teams. The teams in the distinctive divisions are formal since they are made with the true objective of fulfilling specific focuses in the affiliation. For example, the production team contains team people from the workplace who get together with the ultimate objective of orchestrating and settling on decisions that are related to the division. If there should arise an occurrence of choices, the team people were away to accomplish the objective of picking leaders who may lead the team in the following year. Murphey et al. (2012) depict that team dynamics as a rule effect the lead of individual people in the team and furthermore the team all things considered. Team dynamics can be cleared up using models of team dynamics like the Homan's model and the Bales structure. The models are appropriate to the working of teams inside an affiliation. The Homan's model portrays that a team includes a couple of parts including activity, affiliation and feeling. The affiliation circumstance, the teams that were made, had a development to grasp. The present activity was to pick leaders. They interfaced in the midst of the choice, and the people had different conclusions in their viewpoints of how the races should be done. The comparability of the parts chooses the team ampleness. In our circumstance, the segments of collaborations, activities and conclusions were not immaculate therefore sufficiency in the team in achieving the set target was affected (Turner2014). As for Bales structure, the team direct in the circumstance can be analysed using the Bales system. It gives twelve classes which the team lead can be poor down as either having a place with the endeavour scope of the socially troubled region. In the request got some data about undertaking and answers tried in the task area, the activities in the race circumstance in the association can be sorted as asking suggestion and giving proposition in team lead. In the enthusiastic social range, the team lead can be delineated as negative reactions in light of the way that the people were in strife and not prepared to surrender to one proposal. Using the model, one can research the dynamics in the team and perceive the purpose behind the issues inside the working of the team (Parsons 2013). Communication: The circumstance at Pumpkin Patch can be bankrupt down in association with communication in groups. From the choice circumstance of the workforce to pick new leaders, one can portray that there was no proper communication among the group people. Clearly, nonappearance of communication inside the group incited strife among the group people, and the races were deferred by virtue of the distinction among the people (Garvey2014). Communication in groups is affected by different components. Like this, it is basic for group people to grasp that communication in the group may be mind boggling and they need to create themselves so as to keep up a vital separation from adverse impact on the group yields. While picking their leaders, people in the team did not consider the importance of effective communication among the group people. This is the reason a distinction happened, and the races were not grasped (Wolebenet al. 2012). Better communication on groups is refined when the people consider it imperative, tune in and share, are indisputable and orchestrate. In the circumstance, it is obvious that better communication was not refined among the group people in the staff of exchange. The communication showed up not vital in light of the way that each part had their recommendations and required them to be considered for choice. The people did not give the meeting beginning time for trade on the activities that were happening. In spite of the way that the people were allowed to participate in the race strategy, they didn't achieve satisfaction in the communication method. Each group part was not versatile with the suggestion they made, and an issue of meeting up at an ultimate decision was an issue (Grunig2013). In group communication, people are required to have an understanding of the impeding parts. Fujishin (2013) mean that people should perceive the necessity for strong ties and any social preoccupations that may affect strong communication. Awesome communication in groups is upset by how much the group people talk, to whom they talk, paying little respect to whether they talk straightforwardly or defensively and the sum they tune in. The marketing team group people seemed, by all accounts, to be controlled by these segments in the midst of their group communication. The people talked more than they tuned into each other. They talked defensively with each asking for their proposal to be considered as the intelligent system for finishing the choices. This quelled the group people from getting in contact at an assention, and a dispute was unpreventable. In group communication, the level of communication, for the most part, depends on upon the individual needs of individuals, and moreover, goals appeared differently in relation to the prerequisites and targets of the group. It depends on upon individual character, part and the furthermore picture inside the group, group cohesiveness and soul. The effect and control of vitality, closeness, and affirmation by the other group people moreover chooses the level of group communication. In the choice of leader's circumstance in Pumpkin Patch, there was a low level of communication among the group people from the marketing team inside the affiliation. The group people were more stressed with individual needs and targets rather that the group needs and destinations (Guffey and Loewy2012). Recommendations Learning Team dynamics Communication To direct motivation inside the circumstance of picking leaders, it is recommended that: To begin with, fulfil particular learning of the get-together people Take all people suggestions as basic Engage in strange condition of affiliation and openness among the get-together people while analysing the issue to facilitate learning Develop a learning environment inside the social affair to stimulate obligation among the team people Ensure people appreciate the learning achievements of the get-together and work towards achieving the goals Coordinated effort among the people to be impeccable with the learning activities To improve team working/dynamics, there is a need to: Invigorate positive joint efforts among team people Keep up a vital separation from part competition in the team Have a learning of direct inside the team and how to reinforce positive team lead Bolster part team cohesiveness Set clear team benchmarks that should be trailed by all people Set benchmarks and approach that are appropriate and indispensable in controlling the occasion of disputes and fundamental leadership in the team Thought should be given to the whole condition considering the errands and what's more the team people To upgrade communication in the circumstance, there is a necessity for: Encouraging pack people to have an accentuation on social occasion targets and not solitary goals Having a carful relationship of the social occasion and its people Mastermind bundle social affairs earlier early before the noteworthy meeting for the choices Allow all people to appreciate the race system Bolster flexibility in the proposals made Incite gathering people not to remain inflexible with their recommendations Encouraging bundle people to ensure assemble think and land at an understanding. References Argote, L., 2012.Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science Business Media. Bingham, T. and Conner, M., 2015.The New Social Learning: Connect. Collaborate. Work. Association For Talent Development. Brauer, J.R. and Tittle, C.R., 2012. Social learning theory and human reinforcement.Sociological Spectrum,32(2), pp.157-177. Cherry, K., 2012. Social learning theory.Retrieved July,2, p.2012. Fujishin, R., 2013.Creating effective groups: The art of small group communication. Rowman Littlefield. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Gelfand, M.J., Leslie, L.M., Keller, K. and de Dreu, C., 2012. Conflict cultures in organizations: How leaders shape conflict cultures and their organizational-level consequences.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(6), p.1131. Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Jonassen, D. and Land, S. eds., 2012.Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Levi, D., 2015.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Murphey, T., Falout, J., Fukada, Y. and Fukuda, T., 2012. Group dynamics: Collaborative agency in present communities of imagination.Psychology for language learning: Insights from research, theory and practice, pp.220-238. Parsons, T., 2013.Social system. Routledge. Perc, M., Gmez-Gardees, J., Szolnoki, A., Flora, L.M. and Moreno, Y., 2013. Evolutionary dynamics of group interactions on structured populations: a review.Journal of the royal society interface,10(80), p.20120997. Rosenthal, T.L. and Zimmerman, B.J., 2014.Social learning and cognition. Academic Press. Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J. eds., 2012.Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge. Turner, M.E., 2014.Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press. Woleben, S.M., Cai, Z. and Zeng, I., Sprint Spectrum LP, 2012.Advanced joining into multicast group to facilitate later communication among group members. U.S. Patent 8,284,773.

Introduction to the Importance of Diversity and Culture

Elements of culture Schwartz and Conley (2000) are of the opinion that all cultures have a history and a heritage which is passed from one generation to another. Cultures are identifiable because they share certain characteristics. People within a given cultural group have a way of telling between members and non-members. Members share a common language through which cultural interactions take place, certain group values are shared, and various social and behavioural patterns are followed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to the Importance of Diversity and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Members follow special rules of etiquette when communicating with others, introducing themselves to strangers, getting someone’s attention and leave-taking. One’s culture certainly provides an important part of the context in which decisions are made, but it may be argued that culture doesn†™t in itself ‘determine† any specific behaviours. Members of each culture also have their own unique slang expressions and figures of speech. Diversity fortifies human species and adds threads to the tapestry of human lives. It exponentially increases the possibilities for progress and positive change in the world because rather than seeing from only one perspective, it allows us to see from many. According to Schwartz Conley (2000), the human would be sadly diminished if the music of the universe consisted of only one note. The authors assert that we would be even more sadly diminished if human beings were free of differences. The author advocates for respecting and celebrating differences rather than tolerating it. Only by respecting and honouring the differences of others can we preserve our own. Respect of Diversity A child will appreciate diversity if he is in an environment where individual differences are noted and treated with respect. In working with children , one will need to be a good model so as to avoid the children developing negative attitudes and feelings of discomfort. A display of respect and comfort is crucial when working with children. Children usually follow the lead when they their model interacting with everyone in a respectful manner and also appearing comfortable in those interactions. When dealing with children, it is important not to worry about what other people may or may not be thinking. It is good to be open when interacting with people from different diversities without fear. Communicating with diverse people may in no way compromise your identity. It is also important to stop someone who is ridiculing or joking about people who are different. By avoiding the discussion, you give the impression that you do not condone such negative behaviour. It is important to also tell children about differences. Consequently, it is important to encourage children to ask questions. Giving them the correct information in matter of fact manner will make them realize that being different is not mysterious or something to be feared. It is crucial to use common, everyday vocabulary and also be yourself when dealing diverse people (Schwartz Conley, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Risk Factors According to Schwartz and Conley (2000), home life and parental involvement are crucial to a child’s performance in school. Sergio lacks a supportive home life since he is living in a home with one parent who is working full time and has little time for his needs. Apart from lack of parental involvement in his life, other risks that might affect Sergio’s academic life include; death of parent (his father), being home alone for more than three hours, and use of drugs or alcohol. Sergio might even hurt himself in the house. The loss of his father might be affecting him but because the mother is not available, this hurt might not be easily recognised. All this risks have a potential to impact negatively on his school performance. Because the mother is not involved, this might affect the child’s social skills at school and ultimately his academic performance. Loneliness might tempt him to start experimenting with drugs and alcohol. The child also might be affected by improper content from the television and internet if he has unsupervised access to computers and television. There are other risks that face Sergio such as abuse, abduction, and personal accidents. The boy might also get into bad company (Schwartz Conley, 2000). Diverse Learning Styles Children do not learn the same way. Teaching children about a subject such as deer habitats may require use of different teaching methods. One important way may be to read them a book on the topic. The advantage of this method is that a good book will not only contain the thoughts and experiences of the author about the subje ct, but will also include reference to works of other people about the subject. Watching a film which shows deer habitats is also an important way of teaching. Visual aids such as films have the benefit of cutting through the barrier of different diversities and allowing equal understanding of the subject. Surfing the web to get information about deer habitat is also an important way of teaching children. The advantage of the web is because of the availability of the latest information regarding the subject area. The internet also offers the convenience of quick accessibility and retrieval of information provided there is internet connection. Another teaching method would be to put the children in group works where they could participate in research and discussion of the topic and then present their findings in class. This method has the advantage of engaging the children in the search for information and making them own the learning process (Schwartz Conley, 2000). Reference Schwa rtz, E.S. Conley, A.C. (2000). Human Diversity: A Guide to Understanding, New York: McGraw-HillAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to the Importance of Diversity and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Introduction to the Importance of Diversity and Culture was written and submitted by user Valentin Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Literature Review Sample on Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era

Literature Review Sample on Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era A literature review is a kind of academic work that aims to cover information, evaluate, and summarize knowledge on a specific subject by collecting already written items dedicated to a literature review topic of the selected investigation and analyzing them in accordance with the chosen issue. As the style of the work requires particular knowledge regarding a scientific problem, the paper has to be conducted in an academic manner relying mostly on arguments, key points, discussions, and conclusions of the selected references. A literature review can be either a stand-alone work type or a section included in a research paper, essay, thesis, or other variants of academic genres. The significance of this type of research paper consists of revealing and assembling the main notions and ideas of various authors. Aside from merely collecting the published discoveries in certain scientific areas, literature review purports to summarize and systematize the gathered concepts into a clear, coherent, and comprehensible paper. Such a method of developing a scientific thought allows researchers to reevaluate and reinterpret discoveries concerning a specific issue that helps other investigators not to start their works from the beginning but to base them on the already proved arguments. Besides, literature reviews are useful regarding teaching students how to collect the needed pieces of information, search for credible sources, and summarize their most important aspects. ‘Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era’ Review Sample Depression is a form of mental disorder that implies the presence of such symptoms like irritation, constant, prevailing, and unexplained sadness, changes in appetite, weight, a decreased interest in life, boredom, lack of motivation to lead an active lifestyle. The fact that other symptoms relate closely to one another creates a firm dependence of mental health on physiological conditions. The significance of investigating adolescent depression has been set as a central part of this work because contemporary scientific methods allow other researchers to discover the most successful solutions to the issue. This review aims to gather and analyze the information on the origins of teen depression, its impact on society, and variants suggesting how to deal with this global problem. Etiology of Adolescent Depression The etiology of adolescent depression relies on the same psychological and physiological backgrounds as adult depression that enables scholars to claim that there is no vivid difference between these two manifestations of oppressed mental state. According to Clayborne, Varin, and Colman: â€Å"Depression is highly prevalent in adolescence, with conservative estimates suggesting up to 12.5% of 12- to 17-year-olds experience symptoms of a major depressive episode in a 12-month period† (72). Thus, the problem is considered a large-scale and global phenomenon that occurs on a daily basis in all regions of the world notwithstanding cultural peculiarities, economy, and geographical position. Nevertheless, due to recent research, â€Å"depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents can be prevented. A number of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses support the efficacy of existing preventive programs† (Cardamone-Breen et al. para. 9). Proceeding from this s tatement, it is essential that either adult or adolescent depression is a mental disorder that can be averted. Whereas physiological constituent can be only treated as a result of biological processes in the human organism, a psychological component is regarded as entirely preventable. Physiological origins of this mental issue can be explained by appealing to the biological processes engendering the decrease of vital hormones like endorphin, serotonin, or adrenaline that may result in the appearance of oppressed physical states. The Need for Preventative Programs to Deal with Depression As new investigations claim, preventative programs and services dealing with the consequences of depression do allow experts to alleviate the most severe symptoms of depression and even cure a patient completely. Owing to the findings discovered by Neufeld et al., â€Å"14-year-old adolescents who had contact with mental health services in the past year had a greater decrease in depressive symptoms than those without contact (adjusted coefficient −1 ·68, 95% CI −3 ·22 to −0 ·14; p=0 ·033)† (120). Specifically, teens under the age of sixteen are claimed to be treated easier than more psychologically developed adolescents. As the investigations report, when children visit mental health services, they are less likely to be subject to depressive states. Subsequently, similar preventative health care programs are being founded not only to deal with the initial stages of depressive syndromes but also to treat the consequences. The Role of Substance Addiction as a Cofactor of Depression Furthermore, the problem of adolescent depression can be aggravated by substance addiction that is closely related to the issue of mental health disorders. A new statistical study of the correlation between addictions and depressive syndromes affirms that adolescents with depressions have extremely high risks of being addicted to drugs (Mason et al. 1-2). Having investigated 248 urban adolescents, the researchers concluded that health care programs for teens are helpful in most cases of early treatment. Provided that a child appeals to similar programs at the earliest stages of substance addiction, the chance to solve the issue depends on the time spent with psychiatrists and experts in narcology. The earlier psychological assistance is supplied, the more successful is the treatment. However, even though the connection between substance addiction and depressive states among adolescents is reported to be evident, yet scholars agree that the lack of socialization, parental care, and re lationships with peers are contributing to the emergence of mental health disorders more significantly. In the statistical experiment conducted by Breton and other researchers with the purpose of defining how many adolescents are prone to depressive states or already possessing them, the results appeared to be astonishingly positive because the majority of examined children were proved to having no depression. Thus, the investigation demonstrates that: â€Å"Among the 283 adolescents from the community, 70 (25%) were found to have light-to-severe depression and the other 213 (75%) had no depression. Among the 119 adolescents from the clinical population, 71 (60%) were found to have severe depression† (Breton et al. 11). Without a doubt, the numbers in various statistics are severely dependent on the territory where the experiment took place because different political regimes, societal states, climatic conditions on par with many other influential factors are having a serious impact on similar results. Adolescents, being not psychologically and physiologically formed, tend to absorb the ambient conditions within which they are educated. Subsequently, in the cases when children are upbrought in the unpleasant psychological environment, the studies show that the risks of being subject to depressive states become higher. Depression and Suicidal Inclinations Apart from the already-mentioned aspects regarding depression in adolescents, it is substantial to underline the connection of melancholic conditions with the appearance of suicidal thoughts. The newest research warns that adolescents, who spent more time on social media and electronic devices like smartphones, were more likely to report mental health disorders, and adolescents who spent more time on non-screen activities (in-person social interaction, print media, sports/exercise, and attending religious services) were less likely (Twenge et al. 3). Grounding hypotheses on the functioning of modern social media, scholars have reached a consensus that the time spent using smartphones, computers, and other anti-social activities are negatively contributing to the emergence of depressive syndromes, whereas outdoor activities including sports are alleviating the onsets of mental disorders. Owing to recent advancements in technological evolution, adolescents tend to employ gadgets to communicate with each other instead of meetings in reality. This situation often results in subdued and despondent mental conditions. Peer Victimization and Its Impact on Adolescent Depression Another issue concerning the etiology of depression in the adolescent period is peer victimization that occurs in all schools without exceptions. According to some researchers: â€Å"Adolescent peer victimization was associated with immediate and delayed elevations in anxiety and depression. The early intervention aimed at identifying and supporting victimized adolescents may prevent the development of these disorders† (Stapinski et al. 105-106). Investigations confirm that bullying at schools is one of the most rewarding issues that is causing inequalities among peers. Besides, such inequalities are directly leading to the appearance of depressions among those teenagers who become the target of victimization. The authors of scientific articles on psychology are certain that bullying affects the perception of normality and justice aiming to reduce the feeling of importance in a teenager’s attitude towards oneself. The lack of positive self-esteem and the absence of acce ptance among peers is a crucial factor that brings forward many other problems ensuing from the realization of non-adoption. Sleep problems, oppressed psychological state, and other concomitant issues are thought to be triggered by either peer or domestic violence exposure. Kliewer and Lepore summarize the data collected during the experiment on cognitive processes of adolescents who have witnessed violence: â€Å"Participants were 362 early adolescents (Mage = 12.45 years, SD = 0.59; range 11–14 years; 48.9 % male; 51 % Latino/a; 34 % black) from urban communities enrolled in a middle-school-based intervention study on the east coast of the United States† (507). In terms of this research, the majority of respondents have affirmed the fact of either observing violence or being an object of violence. As a result, scholars come to terms that there is a direct relation between witnessing violence and the aggravation of depressive syndromes. Familial Bonds as Protective Measures Different investigations have concluded that love and acceptance within families protect children from depressive states. As Cupito, Stein, and Gonzalez substantiate: â€Å"Past studies document that Latino familial cultural values (i.e., familism, affiliative obedience, and filial obligation) protect against depressive symptoms and promote academic resilience in adolescence† (1638). Nonetheless, the same research claims that even though Hispanic families are famous for traditional values, the problem is that there is gender discrimination, regarding which, female adolescents report being obliged to more household activities and possessing fewer freedoms than males. Gender disparities are one of the most spread issues causing teen depressions among the oppressed individuals. In the research based on 179 Latino adolescents, 52.9% of which comprise females in the age of fourteen, the authors of the article underline the aspect of gender inequalities in various cultures implying patriarchal standpoints. At any rate, the statistical data convince scholars of the necessity of educational programs for ethnic groups who live under unpleasant circumstances. In addition, the newest studies illustrate that there is an urgent need for establishing institutions that are helping discriminated individuals to cope with the aftermaths of gender stereotypes and biased attention. The overviewed works evidence the negative impact of domestic violence, school bullying, victimization, lack of socialization, acceptance, and understanding of parents for adolescent’s part. All the listed factors are significantly contributing to the proliferation of their depression, poor academic success, and performance at school, substance addiction, and the progression of suicidal inclinations. Owing to the innovative technological progress, gadgets are becoming more popular among teenagers, so the depression in the current era is a modernized mental disorder provoked by anti-socialization and the lack of evaluation amongst peers. The literature review has combined academic papers with relatively similar concepts to prove the need for establishing official institutions specializing in psychological assistance. Consequently, this literature review has been conducted with an aim to investigate and assemble the selected pieces of information regarding the cause and effect o f adolescent depressive states that is expected to bring into action more scientists involved in the studies and prevention of similar issues. The present literature review sample demonstrates how the key concepts and purposes of this type of academic work are functioning. Use the given literature review topic as an example and piece of referral information. Precisely this work type should combine a specialized methodological search for a strictly limited circle of papers dedicated to a single subject. One of its main aims consists of summarizing the selected data to illustrate a distinguished standpoint that is likely to be helpful for future investigations. Adolescent depression is a ubiquitous and serious issue for experts in psychology to deal with, seeing that numbers of accompanying problems like suicide, violence, and substance addiction are causing not only mental problems but often bring lethal outcomes both for children and adults. This sample aims to cover the significant information on the selected subject to reveal its highlights and thereby induce scholars to activate more investigations. Breton, Jean-Jacques, et al. â€Å"Protective Factors Against Depression and Suicidal Behaviour in Adolescence.† Can J Psychiatry, vol. 60, no. 2, ser. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 5–15. 1. Cardamone-Breen, Mairead, et al. â€Å"A Single-Session, Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial.† J Med Internet Res, vol. 20, no. 4, Apr. 2018. Clayborne, Zahra, et al. â€Å"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Adolescent Depression and Long-Term Psychosocial Outcomes.† Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 58, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–79. Elsevier. Cupito, Alexandra, et al. â€Å"Familial Cultural Values, Depressive Symptoms, School Belonging and Grades in Latino Adolescents: Does Gender Matter?† Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 24, no. 6, June 2015, pp. 1638–1649. Kliewer, Wendy, and Stephen Lepore. â€Å"Exposure to Violence, Social Cognitive Processing Sleep Problems in Urban Adolescents.† Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 44, no. 2, Feb. 2015, pp. 507–517. Mason, Michael, et al. â€Å"Adolescent Depression and Substance Use: the Protective Role of Prosocial Peer Behavior.† Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–10. Springer. Neufeld, Sharon, et al. â€Å"Reduction in Adolescent Depression after Contact with Mental Health Services: a Longitudinal Cohort Study in the UK Author Links Open Overlay Panel.† The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 2017, pp. 120–127. Stapinski, Lexine, et al. â€Å"Peer Victimization during Adolescence: Concurrent and Prospective Impact on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety.† Anxiety, Stress, Coping, vol. 28, no. 1, Oct. 2013, pp. 105–120. Twenge, Jean, et al. â€Å"Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time.† Clinical Psychological Science, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 3–17.

Using predictive modeling in insurance underwriting Research Paper

Using predictive modeling in insurance underwriting - Research Paper Example Underwriting is done by ensuring that there is more collection of premium and investment income by the insurance company than the losses paid out by the company. This can be done by implementing new strategies of pricing of premium to the customers. The below formula should be used to ensure that there is profit realization by the insurance company. The risk of the damaged is transferred from the insurer to the insurance company by compensating the damage. The compensation of the damage may be higher than that of the charges from the insurer. In case there is such occurrence, the insurance companies, process the clients demand by forming mitigate and consortium risk amongst them (Siegel, 2013). For example, the company tries to balance the various types of insurance hazards such as fire to cater for other costs incurred. Pricing to cater for different risk involves the comparison between the actual losses with relative losses. In this method, multivariate or univariate analyses and probability analyses are used to approximate ratemaking and approximating the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Therefore, the decision on premium to be charged is a major problem in the insurance companies. As stated above, the claims and the underwritten cost should be less compared to the premium received by the company (Siegel, 2013). The K- means clustering can be used to determine or classify the customer based on the risk, the characteristics of a customer, and also determining the probability of the customer based on their characteristics. Through this method, the company can target a certain group of customers by different marketing plans and increase the profitability of the company. The use of clustering method can help in developing new products or cross selling product by understanding the market behavior (Zhu & Davidson, 2007). For example, some of the customers can fall under two or more covers at the same time due to different demographic